Explain the Primary Derivatives

Textual Study

(Course code: -)

Explain the Primary Derivatives

(Assignment)

 

Lecturer:

Contents

1.     Introduction: the Primary derivatives

2.     Kitakas or Primary derivatives

                                                 I.            Kicca Suffix

                                              II.            Kita Suffix

3.     The Kita Suffixes that used equally in three tenses

4.     Past tense Kita Suffixes

5.     Present tense Kita Suffixes

6.     Future tense Kita Suffixes

7.     Past and present tenses Kita Suffixes

8.     The Primary derivatives that made with using different suffixes

9.      The Primary derivatives that used as Nipāta

10.            Tumartha Suffix

11.            Infinite Verbs: Purva Kriya suffix

12.            Hetvartha Primary derivatives

13.            Primary derivatives that used in genders

14.            Conclusion

15.            Bibliography

Introduction: the Primary derivatives

When concerning the derivations in Pali grammar there are two divisions of Derivation. They are as follows;

                               I.            Kita or Primary

                            II.            Taddhita, or Secondary

Primary derivatives are formed directly from the root by adding of certain suffixes that known as Kita and these derivatives are named as Kitakas. From these the “Kita” or “Primary Derivatives” are formed from the root itself and Secondary Derivatives from the Primary Derivatives. Both Primary and Secondary derivatives are treated as noun and some are indeclinable too.  

Ordinary Primary derivative nouns

The format of the primary derivative is as follows;

Root √ verbal stem + suffix	noun stem
Ex:  √ bhuñja + ta   bhuñjita	the one who ate

Kitakas or Primary derivatives

According to describing from beginning that Primary derivatives are formed directly from the root by adding of certain suffixes. Such as Kiccca, Kitas etc. All Kitaks suffixes are divided into two those are: 

ü Kicca Suffix

ü Kita Suffix

ü Kicca Suffix

The suffixes, by which the passive participles are formed, are called Kiccas. They are few in numbers.

Kiccas		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Tabba		Panditena Kodho Abhibhavitabbo	Panditena Tanha Abhibhavitabbā	Panditena Dukkham Abhibhavitabba
In additional Tabba and Aniya may be annexed to all the roots to form potential participles expressing a passive meaning.
Anīya	ü  Kara + Aniya = Karaniya ü  Su+ Tabba =  Sotabba
ṇya	Nya and Niya are suffixed to some roots to form passive participles. When the last vowel of the root is elided before Nya and Ya of the suffix is connected with the last consonant, both of them undergo a change. Ex: ü  Vada + Nya = Vadya ü  Ni+ Eyya =Neyya  In this case you have to remember that ü  Dhya becomes jjha ü  Dya becomes jja ü  Mya become mma ü  Jya becomes jja ü  Gya becomes gga ü  Cya becomes kya
ṇiya
tayya	Tayy and icca are suffixed only to form a limited number of words. Kara+ icca = Kicca( that should be done) Pada+ tayya = Pattayya ( what should be arrived or attain)
Icca

ü Kita Suffix

Nta and Māna may be suffixed to all roots or bases in order to form present participles.

The following roots change their forms before some suffixes:
Gamu	Gaccha
Isu	Iccha
Disa	Passa or Dakkha
Pā	Piba or Piva
Thā	Tittha
Dā	Dada
Kara	Kuru or Kubba

Ta, Tavantu and Tāvi may be suffixed to all roots to form Past Participles. In most case the last consonant is elided before these suffixes, and T of the suffix sometimes reduplicated.

Ex:

Bhujna + ta = Bhutta (Eaten)

Bhunja + tāvi = bhuttāvi (having eaten)

Bhujna + tavantu = bhuttavantu (having eaten)

As Tavantu and Tāvi are seldom used , we shall here deal only with Ta
Muca + ta = mutta	Pada + ta = patta (attained)
Tapa + ta = tatta	Mada + ta = matta
Yuja + ta = yutta	Supa +ta = Sutta
Where Ta is not reduplicated but the end of root is elided
Kara + ta = Kata (done)	Mara + ta = Mata
Mana + ta = Mata	Gamu + ta = Gata

Sometimes Ta undergoes a change together with the last consonant of the root.
1.      S + Ta	ü  Dasa + Ta = Dattha ü  Kasa + Ta = Kattha ü  Hasa + Ta = Hattha ü  Rusa + Ta = Ruttha ü  Ghusa + Ta = Ghuttha ü  Ā + Ta = Akuttha
2.      M + Ta	ü  Khamu + Ta = Khnata ( forgiven) ü  Samu + Ta = Santa ü  Bhamu + Ta = Bhanta ü  Damu+ Ta = Danta ü  Pa + Kamu + Ta = Pakkanta
3.      Dh + Ta	ü  Budha + Ta = Buddha ü  Rudha + Ta = Ruddha
4.      Bh + Ta	ü  Labha + Ta = Laddha ü  Lubha + Ta= Luddha
5.      J + Ta	Bhaja + Ta = Bhagga (broken) San + vijja = Samvigga

The Kita Suffixes that used equally in three tenses

There are numbers of Kita suffixes that used commonly in three tenses but some suffixes are used in Past tenses, Present tenses, Future tenses and Past and Present tenses.

The Suffixes that Used commonly in three tenses
Na, A, Nyu, Tu Āvī, Ratthu, Rātu or Ritu, Yu, Kvi, Ramma, Ni, Ru, Nuka, Ra, Tuna, Ika  Suffixes
Na Suffixes	ü  Kumbha + Kara+Na = Kumbhakāra ü  Kamma + Kara + Na= Kammakara ü  Pattam+ Gaha + Na = Pattagaha ü  Dhamma + Kamu + na =Dhammakama ü  Hitam + Kamu + Na = Hitakama
A Suffixes	ü  Arim + dama + da = Arindama ü  Tanham + Kara + A= tanhankara ü  Medham+ Kara + A= Medhamkara ü  Vessam + tara + A= vessantara
Nyu Suffixes	ü  Ratham + Kara + Nyu= Rathakaraka ü  Annam+ Da+ Nya= Annadayaka
Tu Suffixes	ü  Kara + Tu = Kattu ü  Bhara + Tu = Bhattu ü  Hara + Tu = Hattu ü  Bhida + Tu = Bhittu ü  Pala+ Tu = Paletu ü  Gamu + Tu = Gantu
Āvī Suffixes	ü  Bhayam + Disva + Āvī = Bhaya dassavi ü  Adinava + Disa + Āvī = Adinavadassavi
Ratthu Suffixes	ü  Sasu+ ratthu = Satthu
Ritu Suffixes	ü  Pā + Ritu =Pitu ü  Dhara + Ritu = Dhitu
Rātu Suffixes	ü  Mana + Ratu = Matu ü  Bhasa + Ratu = Bhatu
Yu Suffixes	ü  Siva + Yu = Sevana ü  Suva + Yu = Sovana ü  Bhaja + Yu = Bhajana ü  Nanda + Yu= Nandana ü  Cara + Yu = Carana
Kvi Suffixes	ü  Sam + Bhu + Kvi = Sambhu ü  Abhi + Bhu + Kvi= Abhibhu
Ramma Suffixes	ü    ü  Dhara + Ramma = Dhamma ü  Kara + Ramma = Kamma ü  Cara + Ramma = Camma
Ni Suffixes	ü  Braham + Cara + Ni = Brahamacari ü  Papam + Kara + Ni = Papakari ü  Saccham+ Vada + Ni = Saccavadi
Nuka Suffixes	ü  Kara + Nuka = Karua ü  Ava+ Nuka Avuka

Past tense Kita Suffixes

While Examining on past tense Kita Suffix there are numbers of suffixes that used to indicate about Past Kiataka noun. Ex

ü  Ta

ü  Tavantu

ü  Tāvī

Example No 01.

Hu+ Ta = Huta (Perform Yaga)

Hu + Tavantu = Hutavantu

Hu+ Tāvī = Hutavi

 Example no 02.

Bhuja + Ta = Bhutta

Bhuja + Tvantu = Bhuttavantu

Bhuja + Tavi = Bhuttavi

Example no 03.

Vasa + Ta = Usita

Vasa + tavantu = Usivantu

Vasa+ Tavi = Usitavi

Present tense Kita Suffixes

While Examining on present tense Kita Suffix there are two main suffixes that used to indicate about present Kiataka noun. Ex

ü  Anta suffix

ü  Māna suffix

Anta suffix

Gamu                                                       Gaccha + Anta = gacchnata

Isu                                                            Iccha + Anta = Icchnata

Tha                                                          Tittha + Anta = Titthanta

Disa                                                        Dissa + Anta = Dissanta

Pa                                                            Piba + Anta = Pibanta

Mara                                                      Miya + Anta = Miyanta

Māna suffix

Mara + Mana = Maramana

Isu + Mana = Isumana

Rudhi + Mana = Rudhimana

Jara + Mana = Jiramana

Pa + Apa + Una + Mana = Papunamana

Future tense Kita Suffixes

While Examining on future tense Kita Suffix there are two main suffixes that used to indicate about future Kiataka noun. Ex

ü  Ni suffix

ü  Ghin suffix

Examples

Gamu + Ni = Gāmi

Bhaja + Ni = Bhāji

Bhaja + Ghin = Bhaji

Pa + tha+ Ghin= Patthie

Past and Present tenses Kita Suffixes

While Examining on Past and Present tense Kita Suffix there are numbers of suffixes that used to indicate about past and present Kiataka noun. Ex

Nu Yu, Kta ,Mi suffixes

Ex:

Kara + Nu = Kāru

Vā + Yu = Vāyu

Sada + Nu = Sādhu

 Bhu + Kta = Bhuta

Vā+ Kta = Vāta

 Bhu + Mi = Bhumi

Ni + Mi= Neimi

The Primary derivatives that used as Nipāta

There are suffix that used as Nipata those are:

Tave , Tuam, Tvana , Tunatva

In this suffix Tave and Tuam used in Tumartha suffix.

 Kara + Tave = Kātave

Kara + Tuam = Kātum

Su + Tave = Sotave

Su+ Tum= Sotum

Da+ tave= Datave

Yā + tva = Yātva

Infinite Verbs: Purva Kriya suffix

Ex:

Kara + Nāpe + Tva = Kārāpetvā

Bhuja + Ne + Tvā = Bhojanetvā

Hetvartha Primary derivatives

In this case using Ne, Naya, Nāpe, and Nāpaya suffixes that can create Hetvartha Primary derivatives

Example

Kara + Ne + Anta = Kārenta

Kara + Naya + Māna = Kārayamana

Cura + Nāpe + Anta = Corāpenta

Primary derivatives that used in genders

As Samasa (Compound) and Taddhita (Secondary derivatives) this Primary derivatives also conjugate in three gender.

Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Panditena Kodho Abhvitabbo	Panditena Tanha Abhibhavitabbā	Panditena Dukkham Abhavitabbam
Tena Dhammo Karaniyo	Tena Puja Karaniyā	Tena Punnam Karaniyam

    

Conclusion

To Conclude, Primary derivatives are formed directly from the root by adding of certain suffixes that known as Kita and these derivatives are named as Kitakas.  With using numbers of Suffix in tenses as

ü  Past tense Kita Suffixes

ü  Present tense Kita Suffixes

ü  Future tense Kita Suffixes

ü  Past and present tenses Kita Suffixes

Primary derivatives gets a completed Kitaka noun form that can conjugate in three gender as

ü  Masculine

ü  Feminine

ü  Neuter

Its uses as Nipāta , Tumartha Suffix ,Infinite Verbs: Purva Kriya suffix  and Hetvartha Primary derivatives too.

Bibliography

ü  The New Pali Course, Prof.A.P. Buddhadatta Maha Nayaka Thera Parts I & II, Buddhist Cultural Centre Dehiwala Sri Lanka

ü  Pali Grammar, Ven. M. Gunaratana, Buddhist Cultural Centre Dehiwala Sri Lanka

ü  A Grammar of the Pali Language By Chas Durioselle

ü  A Practical Guide to Pāḷi Grammar Ven. Anandajoti Bhikkhu
Internet

ü  http://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Textual-Studies/Grammar/Guide-to-Pali-Grammar.htm Accessed  10 : 16 PM, 11/12/2015